ME/CFS & FM Health Services Action Plan

On 16 September 2014 the Health Minister, Mark Drakeford, wrote to Local Health Boards drawing their attention to the Action Plan for improving services for people with ME, CFS and Fibromyalgia in Wales.

The Action Plan was devised by the ME/CFS and FM Task & Finish Group (which included WAMES), which met between December 2013 and May 2014, and looked at how to overcome the barriers that Health Boards face when providing services for patients, and is published as a Report and Recommendations. It is available on the WAMES website and will also become available on the Welsh Government website.

The 11 recommendations focus on strengthening pathway and service implementation arrangements and improving the patient voice in the process, not on discussing or defining the nature of ME, CFS and FM and the implications of that for treatments and management. Those discussions will inevitably take place at Health Board level between all the stakeholders.

The 9 main recommendations state that each Health Board should:

  1. identify an Executive Board member with responsibility for overseeing implementation of the recommendations below
  2. identify, by April 2015, an appropriate clinical lead or leads for ME/CFS and Fibromyalgia to take forward the recommendations and to identify a “home” for services for ME/CFS and Fibromyalgia. (not in mental health)
  3. identify relevant specialists and those with expertise or interest in developing services to establish a stakeholder group or groups (including patient representation) to support the clinical lead or leads in ensuring the effective delivery of recommendations 4-8
  4. develop effective local pathways for children and adults with ME/CFS and Fibromyalgia, by drawing on Map of Medicine pathways, Scottish Good Practice Guide, Neurological Delivery Plan and emerging guidance [& FM sources]
  5. undertake work to raise awareness of ME/CFS and Fibromyalgia in primary care, to support timely diagnosis and effective management of both children and adults
  6. identify the means by which they will provide support to people with ME/CFS and Fibromyalgia who need to attend hospital, or receive palliative care, as well as ensuring the delivery of care as close to home as possible, including the provision of telemedicine/home visits to severely affected patients unable to attend appointments via other means
  7. produce a practical, realistic and timed action plan to improve patient experience of services by people with ME/CFS and Fibromyalgia during 2015-2018, and report annually on progress
  8. release a representative (or representatives) to form an All Wales Implementation Group (which will also include third sector patient representatives)
  9. The Implementation Group to provide an All-Wales overview of service-improvement for ME/CFS and Fibromyalgia in implementing recommendations 1-8.

The report then goes on to highlight main problem areas that Health Boards need to address:

  • Improving GP understanding and timely diagnosis
  • Co-ordinating a range of health care specialists under clinical leads, not in mental health but not ignoring mental health needs of patients
  • A clear pathway to be developed based on patient needs and utilising and developing existing professional interest and expertise
  • Children’s services to include support from education and social care services and help transitioning to adult services. The practice of inappropriate pressure at attend school when ill and misdiagnosis of ‘Fabricated illness’ leading to child protection proceedings to be avoided.
  • The lack of in-patient hospital services and home visits (domiciliary services) for the approximately 25% severely affected.

Myalgic Encephalopathy/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) And Fibromyalgia (FM) Task And Finish Group Report and Recommendations, August 2014

Grŵp Gorchwyl a Gorffen Enseffalopathi Myalgig/Syndrom Blinder Cronig (ME/CFS) a FFibromyalgia (FM) Adroddiadac Argymhellion Awst 2014

Health Minister’s letter to Health Boards

WAMES comments:

We are aware that everybody is very frustrated by the length of time this is taking and that no additional money has been allocated to this task. There is still a long way to go and it could be next year before patients and carers can get involved in local stakeholder groups to discuss patient needs with health professionals in their Health Board area.

On the plus side work is well underway on the development of a pathway in Hywel Dda. Hopefully this work will be of benefit to the other Health Boards and speed up the process there.

There are a number of things that we are particularly pleased have been included in the Report:

  • A timetable and monitoring of progress at a national level.
  • The importance given to the patient voice when developing a pathway and services.
  • The use of the term ME/CFS, though we would have preferred the term used by the WHO: ‘encephalomyelitis’.
  • Highlighting the Scottish Good Practice guide (which promotes the Canadian guidelines) and the need to heed emerging guidance.
  • Highlighting the relevance of the Neurological Delivery plan to ME and CFS.
  • Highlighting the key problem areas of timely diagnosis, misdiagnosis as a mental health condition or ‘fabricated illness’, attitudes to children and education, services for the severely affected.

WAMES will continue to be involved at a national and local level and push for speedy progress and will be hoping patients and carers all over Wales will be able to join in, when the time comes. We intend to join Health Boards in looking for constructive solutions to service provision in less than ideal circumstances. It is hoped that as health professionals learn more about the nature of ME and patient needs, they will become as keen as us to see services improve.

 

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Florence Nightingale letters brought together online

A vast archive of letters from Florence Nightingale, many intensely personal and revealing about the woman usually seen as the shadowy Lady with the Lamp, is being brought together online and made freely accessible for the first time.

The originals of thousands of letters in which she discusses her life’s work of medical reform, nursing training and hospital design – and also her anxieties, exhaustion, and the mysterious illness that kept her bedbound for years – are scattered in different institutions around the world, including the Florence Nightingale Museum, the Wellcome Collection in London, and the Howard Gotlieb Centre at Boston University, which have now brought their collections together online.

Read more in Guardian article: Florence Nightingale letters brought together online

May 12th was chosen for International ME day because it is the birth date of Florence Nightingale, the nurse who inspired the founding of the International Red Cross. She is understood to have become ill in her mid-thirties, with an unknown debilitating condition. Despite her illness and being largely bedridden, she founded the first School of Nursing. Her example inspires people with ME to persevere and work for change.

 

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The importance of understanding how our genes change

Extract from article by Cort Johnson:

Epigenetics refers to the changes in sites in our DNA that are susceptible to change over time which can modify the expression of our genes.  Our genetic heritage, it turns out, only sets the tableau for how our genes express themselves. Just because you’re borne with a genetic  makeup that suggests, say, your immune system will immediately jump on and take out any pathogen that dares disturb you, that doesn’t mean it’s going to stay that way.

Epigenetics has provided an entirely new slant on genetics and gene expression. Things happen as you age that will change how your genes respond to events. Epigenetics isn’t so much an ‘if’ as it is a ‘how much’.  These processes occur in our body all the time. The older we get the less we are our mother’s and father’s sons and daughters and the more our genetic makeup takes on an identity of its own.

Twin studies indicating identical twins are epigenetically indistinguishable at first but diverge widely over time indicate how malleable our patterns of gene expression are. How this change in gene expression over time occurs and the implications it has for health and disease is what epigenetics is all about.  In a short time it’s become an enormous field. There’s no question epigenetic modifications play a role in  disease – the only question is how much of a role.

A couple of years ago the National Institutes of Health was interested enough in the possible effects of epigenetic changes on aging, heart disease, and mental illness to devote 190 million dollars to its study. Some researchers think epigenetics will end up having a greater impact on disease than genetics.

Epigenetic modifications of immune genes have been implicated in autoimmune and other inflammatory diseases as well as neurodegenerative diseases. Researchers are now arguing which factor – genes, the environment, or epigenetics – plays the biggest role in autoimmunity.  A recent review paper described probable epigenetic effects on neuroinflammation…

Cort goes on to discuss research findings for changes in gene expression in CFS (referring to Patrick McGowan’s research), FM and Rheumatic diseases, and the issues for future research: Epigenetics Study Highlights Immune Issues in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 

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How Corinne built a house without harmful chemicals

Flame retardants, formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds shouldn’t be in any of our houses, but for those with Multiple Chemical Sensitivities (MCS), they are a disaster. The tiny house concept has been a godsend for not a few people suffering from MCS, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS/ME), Fibromyalgia and other auto-immune illnesses; it gives them a chance to live in a home that is built without any of the paints, glues, plastics and chemicals that they react to, usually in a place far away from pollution and other irritants.

It’s not easy to do. Corinne suffers from severe reactions to chemicals, and built her own tiny house out of carefully selected and tested materials. It is a lovely modern design, but it is also really healthy. She not only researched all the materials, tested them, and built a house out of them, but she has created a terrific blog documenting it, with extensive resources for others suffering from the same sensitivities. None of this was easy.

Read more: Woman builds herself a gorgeous, tiny, healthy, “chemical free” house

 

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ME Cover up – Severe ME Day August 8th 2014

the ME cover up

Many people with ME feel they are invisible to the outside world and that ME is not taken seriously.

“We may not be able to present ourselves to the world because of severe ill health but we want to be listened to and heard by the appropriate authorities and to receive services, and appropriate help.

We would also like to see more biomedical research undertaken, and cognisance taken of the body of biomedical research that exists at present.

We want the medical profession and general public to understand the seriousness of the illness and remember that underneath the sheet there is still a human being.”

 

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DSQ is valid tool for assessing symptoms in ME/CFS

Abstract

Background:

The diagnosis of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is complex and largely based on self-reported symptom profiles. The field lacks consensus for a singular case definition and heterogeneous samples make comparability across studies difficult.

Purpose:

The present study sought to validate a comprehensive self-report measure of ME/CFS symptomatology to aid in clinical and research assessment.

Methods:

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to establish the underlying factor structure of the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire (DSQ) using a well-characterized sample of individuals (92.6% met the Fukuda et al. criteria and/or the Clinical Canadian Criteria) and this structure was then tested on a less stringently recruited sample of individuals utilizing a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent and discriminant validity of the DSQ were also examined utilizing alternative measures of symptomatology and functioning.

Results:

A three-factor solution was found using EFA (Neuroendocrine, Autonomic, and Immune Symptoms; Neurological/Cognitive Dysfunction; Post-Exertional Malaise) and the fit of this factor structure was adequate for the second sample. The DSQ was found to have good convergent and discriminant validity.

Conclusions:

The DSQ is a valid tool for assessing ME/CFS symptoms. There may be two core ME/CFS symptom clusters: post-exertional malaise and cognitive dysfunction.

Validating a measure of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome symptomatology by Abigail A. Brown & Leonard A. Jason in Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior Volume 2, Issue 3, 2014

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Is CFS an autoimmune disorder with vasoactive neuropeptide dysfunction?

Abstract

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disorder characterised by prolonged fatigue and debility and is mostly associated with post-infection sequelae although ongoing infection is unproven.

Immunological aberration is likely and this may prove to be associated with an expanding group of vasoactive neuropeptides in the context of molecular mimicry and inappropriate immunological memory.

Vasoactive neuropeptides including vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate activating polypeptide (PACAP) belong to the secretin/glucagon superfamily and act as hormones, neurotransmitters, immune modulators and neurotrophes. They are readily catalysed to smaller peptide fragments by antibody hydrolysis. They and their binding sites are immunogenic and are known to be associated with a range of autoimmune conditions.

Vasoactive neuropeptides are widely distributed in the body particularly in the central, autonomic and peripheral nervous systems and have been identified in the gut, adrenal gland, reproductive organs, vasculature, blood cells and other tissues. They have a vital role in maintaining vascular flow in organs, and in thermoregulation, memory and concentration. They are co-transmitters for acetylcholine, nitric oxide, endogenous opioids and insulin, are potent immune regulators with primarily anti-inflammatory activity, and have a significant role in protection of the nervous system to toxic assault, promotion of neural development and the maintenance of homeostasis.

This paper describes a biologically plausible mechanism for the development of CFS based on loss of immunological tolerance to the vasoactive neuropeptides following infection, significant physical exercise or de novo. It is proposed that release of these substances is accompanied by a loss of tolerance either to them or their receptor binding sites in CFS. Such an occurrence would have predictably serious consequences resulting from compromised function of the key roles these substances perform.

All documented symptoms of CFS are explained by vasoactive neuropeptide compromise, namely fatigue and nervous system dysfunction through impaired acetylcholine activity, myalgia through nitric oxide and endogenous opioid dysfunction, chemical sensitivity through peroxynitrite and adenosine dysfunction, and immunological disturbance through changes in immune modulation.

Perverse immunological memory established against these substances or their receptors may be the reason for the protracted nature of this condition. The novel status of these substances together with their extremely small concentrations in blood and tissues means that clinical research into them is still in its infancy.

A biologically plausible theory of CFS causation associated with vasoactive neuropeptide dysfunction would promote a coherent and systematic approach to research into this and other possibly associated disabling conditions.

Is chronic fatigue syndrome an autoimmune disorder of endogenous neuropeptides, exogenous infection and molecular mimicry? by DR Staines in Med Hypotheses; 62(5): 646-52, 2004.

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‘Flowers’ in the blood – abnormally shaped red blood cells in CFS

CASE REPORT Abstract

 

Introduction:

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a debilitating condition characterized by persistent fatigue, post-exertional malaise, myalgia, arthralgia, lymph node tenderness, impaired memory and concentration, autonomic irregularities, and other specific symptoms affecting multiple body systems.

Diverse hypotheses have been investigated to ascertain the disease etiology. Some of these include metabolic and mitochondrial deficiencies, exposure to environmental toxins, dysautonomia associated with orthostatic intolerance, autoimmune reactions, neuroendocrine aberrations, and chronic viral infections.

However, a consistently observed biomarker for chronic fatigue has not been identified. A comprehensive, standardized strategy for accurate diagnosis and successful treatment remains elusive.

 

Case Report:

A 28-year-old Caucasian female presented with chronic fatigue persisting for nine months following infectious mononucleosis.

Laboratory evaluation excluded classic causes of fatigue. Peripheral blood smear examination revealed numerous pairs of unusual nondiscocytic C-shaped erythrocytes [red blood cells], coupled in perpendicular crosses resembling four-petalled flowers.

The presence of the erythrocyte pairs abated with the patient’s recovery from chronic fatigue syndrome over a 24-month period. This erythrocyte arrangement has not been reported elsewhere in medical literature.

Conclusion:

A novel erythrocyte “flower” formation was identified in a patient with chronic fatigue syndrome. The presence of this arrangement paralleled the course of the illness and was no longer observed upon recovery.

The physiological relevance of the structure remains a subject for future research. Several hypotheses are suggested, including enhanced membrane deformability resulting from elevated catecholamine levels, and immunemediated agglutination, possibly stemming from viral infection.

 

“Flowers” in the blood: A novel paired erythrocyte arrangement in a patient with chronic fatigue syndrome following infectious mononucleosis by Carrie E Burdzinski, in Int J Case Rep Images 2014 [provisional article]

NB Dr Les Simpson from New Zealand reported in the 1980s about his discovery of abnormally shaped blood cells in people with ME.

Nondiscocytic erythrocytes in myalgic encephalomyelitis

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Take responsibility for your own health says Health Minister

In a speech today, Mark Drakeford will call on the people of Wales to become ‘custodians’ of their own health

A “new bargain” needs to be struck between the people of Wales and the health service if the NHS is to continue to to thrive during and beyond the age of austerity, Health Minister Mark Drakeford will warn today.

Speaking at the NHS Confederation’s conference in Liverpool, Prof Drakeford will call on people in Wales to take more responsibility for their own health, instead of merely handing over ownership of their problems to the health service to deal with. He will say that while it is the role of the Welsh Government to create the right conditions for people to live healthier lives, members of the public must take advantage of this and fulfil their “duty” to look after themselves, becoming “custodians” of their own health.

He will tell delegates: “Governments have a responsibility to create the right conditions in which individuals can live full and healthy lives, taking responsibility for their own health.

“Each of us has a duty to look after ourselves – we must all become custodians of our own health, instead of handing ownership of our health to the nearest professional as we have traditionally done. “The NHS is there to help us in our time of need but with that comes a responsibility to use its resources wisely. The NHS is free from charge but not free from obligation.

“This then is the new bargain in this ongoing age of austerity – it is the bargain of co-production at an individual and population level. “At an individual level, the health professional and patient must work together, rather than the patient putting their health problem in the hand of the nurse, GP or consultant. The conversation we have with patients cannot always open with the question ‘What can I do for you?’ as though the encounter is one in which the health service takes onto its own shoulders the whole of the responsibility for that encounter.

“On a population level, the new bargain means that everyone accepts responsibility for their own health and a responsibility for managing demand on the NHS while the Welsh Government helps create an environment where it is easier to make healthier decisions while also safeguarding an NHS which remains firm to Bevan’s founding principles of universality, equity and free at the point of delivery.”

His comments come just weeks after the latest Welsh Health Survey showed the number of adults classed as overweight or obese stands at 58%, with 22% of people in the “obese” category alone. Meanwhile, the number of people drinking more alcohol than recommended stands at 42% and 26% of people admit binge-drinking. Just 29% of people do 30 minutes of exercise five times a week and only 33% of people eat five fruit or vegetables a day. But the survey showed some progress in tackling the rates of smoking as prevalence fell from 23% to 21% between 2012 and 2013.

Prof Drakeford’s speech will also echo his commitment to the idea of prudent healthcare, which he first outlined in January and follows the principle that the NHS should focus on what would work best for patients and make the most effective use of available resources.

He is set to highlight examples of where Wales has led the way in terms of improving public health including becoming the first in the UK to vote in favour of banning smoking in enclosed public places and introducing a mandatory food hygiene rating scheme.

He will also point to further proposals outlined in the Welsh Government’s public health white paper, which was published earlier this year. The measures include the introduction of a minimum price for alcohol of 50p per unit to tackle alcohol-related harm and for Wales to become the first in the UK to introduce a ban on e-cigarettes in public places.

Other proposals, which will be subject to consultation until June 24, include whether to make it an offence to deliver a tobacco product ordered online to someone under 18, even if the item was ordered by an adult, and introducing a national register for businesses providing cosmetic piercing, tattooing, semi-permanent skin colouring, acupuncture and electrolysis hair removal.

He will say: “Wales has a strong history of responding to citizens’ concerns and introducing practical regulations which make a positive contribution to protecting health “Taking concerted, collective action to address public health concerns remains one of the most powerful contributions any government can make to the welfare and wellbeing of its population. And I’m very proud that Wales has a long and progressive tradition when it comes to taking action to protect public health in Wales.

“For the nay-sayers, any attempt to protect public health is met with the inevitable cries of nanny-statism but our proposals, such as those outlined in our public health white paper, take a preventative approach by seeking to intervene at points which have most potential for long-term benefits, both in the health of individuals and in helping avoid higher, long-term societal and financial costs associated with avoidable ill health.”

New bargain’ to be struck between public and health service for NHS to thrive in austerity, warns Health Minister Mark Drakeford by Julia McWatt in Wales Online

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Do coping strategies improve health in CFS?

Abstract

OBJECTIVE/Hypothesis
The objective of this study was to examine sub-types of individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome based on variables that are associated with the energy envelope theory and to examine the role of coping strategies in explaining the differences found between the subtypes.

METHODS
Cluster analysis was used. Grouping variables included physical functioning, post-exertional malaise severity, and the extent to which an individual was outside of the energy envelope. These clusters were evaluated using discriminant function analysis to determine whether they could be differentiated based on coping styles.

RESULTS
Cluster analysis identified three groups. Clusters 1 and 2 were consistent with the energy envelope theory. However, Cluster 3 was characterized by patients with the most impairment, but they were to a lesser extent exceeding their energy envelope. Coping strategies explained a small percentage (10%) of the variance in differentiating the clusters.

DISCUSSION
Energy maintenance may be associated with improved functioning and less severe symptoms for some. However, patients in Cluster 3 were closer to remaining within their energy envelope and also used higher levels of adaptive coping but were more impaired than Cluster 2.

This suggests that adaptive coping strategies were not associated with improved health, as members of Cluster 3 were severely limited in functioning.

Examining the energy envelope and associated symptom patterns in chronic fatigue syndrome: does coping matter? by AA Brown, MA Evans, LA Jason in Chronic Illness,  12 April 2013

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